World War I: A Historical Overview

World War I, which lasted from 1914 to 1918, was one of the most decisive conflicts in modern history. Also known as the “Great War,” this conflict involved many countries and caused significant geopolitical changes throughout the world. The war was fueled by a series of factors, including growing nationalism in Europe, imperialist conflicts, and complex military alliances. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo was the immediate trigger that ignited long-standing tensions. Two major alliances formed during World War I: the Allies, consisting of countries such as Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States; and the Central Empire, represented by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottomans. Major battles such as the Battles of the Somme and Verdun demonstrated the power and cruelty of modern warfare, where many lives were lost and new tactics were implemented, including the use of tanks and aircraft. Military technology also advanced rapidly during this war. Poison gas, machine guns and planes became a new page in the history of war. This technology brings new challenges to soldiers and changes the way combat is fought. The spread of disease, especially the Spanish flu, added to the suffering of soldiers and civilians already affected by the war. World War I ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, which had major consequences for Germany, including fines and territorial reductions. Although seen as a victory for the allies, many argued that the provisions of the agreement actually set the stage for the next conflict, namely World War II. On a social level, World War I changed gender roles in society. Many women took over men’s roles in industry and agriculture, leading to significant social change and giving rise to women’s voting rights movements in various countries. Economically, the war caused a crisis that hit many countries. The enormous costs of the war gave rise to huge debts and inflation. Europe experienced a difficult recovery period, and many countries were forced to grapple with the long-term economic impact of the war. World War I left a profound legacy. In the context of Globalization, a shift in power from Europe to the United States and the Soviet Union began to appear. Many countries in Asia and Africa began to seek independence, influencing the future shape of global politics. From a cultural perspective, many works of literature and art were born as a response to the traumatic experience of war. Writers such as Wilfred Owen and Erich Maria Remarque captured the pain and absurdity of war in their works, giving voice to the countless people who suffered. World War I, with its various layers, not only shaped the map of world power, but also left a deep impression on the mindset and values ​​that shape modern society to this day.